Analysis of the Greek Banking Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1152 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The word bank is derived from the Greek word banque or the Itlian word banco both meaning a bench at which moneylenders and moneychangers used to display their coins and transact their business in the market places. A bank is a profit seeking firm dealing in money and credit. It accepts deposits and keeps it under safe custody. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of the Greek Banking Markets" essay for you Create order Commercial banks are institutions that primarily accept deposits and extend credit to serve consumer and corporate needs for capital. It creates credit by making advances out of funds received and thus mobilizes the savings in the economy. Under the Banking Regulation Act 1949, banking includes accepting deposits from the public, for the purpose of lending or investment; and repayable on demand or otherwise withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. Banks are a kind of depository institution. They play a crucial role in channelizing the savings into the economy and thereby provide scope for the economic growth of the country. Commercial banks and savings banks hold a large share of nations money stock in the form of various types of deposits and provide for their transfer to effect the payments. They lend these funds to consumers and businesses for a full range of purposes. Types of financial assets: Deposits Stocks Debt DEPOSITS: deposits can be made either with banking or non-banking firms. In return, the lender receives a certificate in case of fixed deposits and a checking account in case of savings/ current deposit. Interest is earned on such these savings deposits. STOCKS: Financial assets in the form of stocks represent ownership of the issuing company. This right gives the holder of stocks a share in the firms profits. DEBT: Financial assets in the form of debt create a financial obligation on the borrower to repay back the amount borrowed. The debt instrument is a contract entered into by the borrower of funds with the lender of funds, to repay the amount borrowed after a predetermined period and at a certain rate of interest. If an asset serves as a collateral to the borrowing, then the holder of the debt instrument will have a priority claim on the asset. CORPORATE BANKING: Corporate banks or wholesale banks normally supply capital for business ventures and construction activities on a long term basis. the products provided by these banks to their corporate customers can be broadly classified as: Fund based credit/ commercial credit: requiring immediate outlay of cash such as term loan, working capital loan, export packing credit etc. Non-fund based credit/ fee-based services: only in the absence of fund based credit does non-fund based gets converted into non-fund based. Thus, not requiring any immediate outlay of cash. CREDIT POLICY OF BANKS: The credit policy of a bank guides the lending activities of the bank. It lays down the rules and regulations that guide the sanctioning of loans. The policy is laid down by the top management and deals with the following: Exposure levels Credit risk assessment Credit appraisal standards Documentation standards Delegation of powers Pricing Review and renewal of standards Takeover of advances Besides the above, the policy deals with credit facilities to companies whose directors are in the defaulters list of RBI. The policy also lays down the norms of major and minor deviations and the authority for sanctioning/approving them. The policy also discusses different kinds of advances such as personal loans, export credit, advances to priority sector and maturity period of the banks advances. LENDING ACTIVITY OF THE BANKS Credit is the mainstay for any financial institution particularly banks. Almost 60% of the assets side of the banks balance sheet is credit. Credit management has two facets: Credit appraisal Credit monitoring Credit management is an embodiment of the banks approach to sanctioning, managing and monitoring credit risk with the aim of making the systems and controls effective. Banks are required to monitor the loans and also ensure that the loans do not turn bad. This is done by following the principles of credit management. Basic requirements for lending: Borrowers Constitution: The requirements of the borrower will sometimes be typical depending on the constitution of the borrowers account. The types of customers who happen to be borrowers could be individuals, partnership firms, companies, governments etc. Documentation: As part of the initial exercise during post sanction phase, the bank hass to obtain the details regarding the customer so as to bind him/them legally and enforce the charge. This is possible only if the bank keeps in force the documentation for the loan granted to the customer. Without keeping the proper documents in force, banks would not be in a position to defend their claims against customers in courts of law. But with the proper documentation in force, there will not be any problem in enforcing a claim by the bank against the customer in case of any default in repayment of loan or in the wake of any other legal issues. Credit Monitoring: The post disbursal period is very important for the banker since t he health of the asset is determined during this phase. Banks are required to keep a constant watch on the unit through the loan account after sanctioning the loan in order to ensure that amount sanctioned to the unit is safe, generates income and does not turn out to be sick. This process is termed as Credit Monitoring. The Legal Remedy: In the event of breach of terms, the banker will have the same remedy which is available to any other contracting person as the terms of sanction are enumerated when the banker grants financial facility to its customer under a valid contract. Such a remedy is none other than the enforcement through a competent court of jurisdiction. Credit Information: Specialized institutions known as Credit Information Bureau(CIB) (also known as credit referencing agencies) have been set up to function as a repository of credit information- both current and historical data on existing and potential borrowers. CREDIT APPRAISAL: Credit appraisal refers to the appraisal of the creditworthiness of a prospective borrower in terms of technical, economic, managerial and financial feasibility. Credit appraisal is mainly undertaken by banks in order to ascertain the repaying capacity of the borrower with respect to the installment of loan amount as well as the interest required to be paid on it. The main purpose of carrying out credit appraisal by banks is to keep their risk exposure in check. While lending loan to a prospective borrower there is a possibility that he might default in repaying back the required amount to the bank. Thus, credit appraisal assures the bank that the borrower has the capacity to repay back the money in time. Also, on the basis of the credit appraisal carried out by the banker the bank can change the limits to be sanctioned accordingly i.e. a borrower not having a very good track record might not be sanctioned the desired limits and rather lower limits.

Where To (Wohin) Is a German Lesson in Going Places

When you want to get around in a German-speaking country, youll need to know some basic travel vocabulary. In this lesson, youll learn the German names for common places like the bank, hotel, and school. Youll also find out how to ask and respond to the question, Where are you going? Its a very useful lesson for travelers and one that is relatively easy because you can practice as you go places around your own town. Pair this lesson with one  that  teaches you how to ask for directions  and youll be on your way. Where To? (Wohin?) Before we dive into the vocabulary, there are a few important reminders to take care of. First of all, when someone  asks you  Wohin?  in German, theyre asking Where to?   Then, there is the little matter of  in  (meaning in)  versus zu (meaning to). What is the difference between saying  Ich gehe  ins  Kino and saying  Ich gehe  zum  Kino?  While both state that I am going to the movies, there is a distinction. Using  ins Kino  implies that you are going inside (to see a movie).Using  zum Kino  implies you are going to that location (to meet someone out front, etc.). Places to Go in Town There are many common places to go in town (in der Stadt). You will find many of those in this first vocabulary list and you might even notice many similarities to the English translations. Both the basic word and the to phrase are given for each location. For example,  die Bà ¤ckerei  is  the bakery. When you want to say to the bakery, its  zur  Bà ¤ckerei  (the short form of  zu  der Bà ¤ckerei).   Some of the phrases may have more than one way to say to. In these instances, the  most common way is used in the chart. You will also want to keep the  following contractions in mind:   ins  Ã‚  in daszum  Ã‚  zu  demzur  Ã‚  zu  der Englisch Deutsch bakeryto the bakery die Bà ¤ckereizur Bà ¤ckerei bankto the bank die Bankzur Bank bar/pubto the bar/pub die Kneipein die Kneipe butcherto the butcher der Fleischer/der Metzgerzum Fleischer/zum Metzger hotelto the hotel das Hotelzum Hotel market/fleamarketto the market der Markt/der Flohmarktzum Markt/zum Flohmarkt cinemato the movies/cinema das Kinoins/zum Kino the post officeto the post office die Postzur Post restaurantto the restaurant das Restaurantins/zum Restaurant to a/the Chinese restaurant zum Chinesen to an/the Italian restaurant zum Italiener to a/the Greek restaurant zum Griechen schoolto school die Schulezur Schule the shopping centerto the shopping center das Einkaufszentrumzum Einkaufszentrum the traffic light/signal(up) to the signal die Ampelbis zur Ampel the train stationto the station der Bahnhofzum Bahnhof workto work die Arbeit zur Arbeit the youth hostelto the youth hostel die Jugendherbergein die Jugendherberge Going Elsewhere (Anderswo) There are times when you will want to go somewhere else, so a quick study of other common places is a good idea as well. Englisch Deutsch the laketo the lake der Seean den See the seato the sea die See/das Meerans Meer the toilet/restroomto the toilet/restroom die Toilette/das Klo/das WCzur Toilette/zum Klo/zum WC Questions and Answers (Fragen und Antworten) Next, well study a few sample questions and answers related to asking and giving directions. This is an introduction to German grammar as well. Whats most important is to learn the patterns for the various articles (der/die/das) for each gender (masculine/feminine/neuter). Keep in mind that  if you are  walking, you will use  gehen. If you are  driving, use  fahren. Englisch Deutsch Where are you going? (driving/traveling) Wohin fahren Sie? / Wohin fà ¤hrst du? I'm going to the lake tomorrow. Ich fahre morgen an den See. I'm going to Dresden tomorrow. Ich fahre morgen nach Dresden. How do I get......to the bank?...to the hotel?...to the post office? Wie komme ich......zur Bank?..zum Hotel?..zur Post? Go two blocks (streets) and then right. Gehen Sie zwei Straßen und dann rechts. Drive down/along this street. Fahren Sie diese Straße entlang. Go up to the traffic light and then left. Gehen Sie bis zur Ampel und dann links. Extra Expressions (Extra-Ausdrà ¼cke) In your travels, you will also find these phrases to be very useful. They tell you how to get where youre going and can be used within some of the answers used above. Englisch Deutsch past the church an der Kirche vorbei past the cinema am Kino vorbei right/left at the traffic light rechts/links an der Ampel at the market square am Marktplatz at the corner an der Ecke the next street die nà ¤chste Straße across/over the street à ¼ber die Straße across the market square à ¼ber den Marktplatz in front of the train station vor dem Bahnhof in front of the church vor der Kirche

The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram Free Essays

In â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram, Milgram explains that obedience is a natural occurring behavior, which acts on instinct ignoring a persons ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct (Milgram 343). In this experiment two people come into the laboratory where they are told they will be taking part in a study of memory and learning. One subject is the â€Å"teacher† and the other is the â€Å"learner†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram or any similar topic only for you Order Now The teacher is ask to read a list of simple word pairs. If the learner does not remember the word pair the teacher was instructed to send out electric shocks of increasing intensity as punishment to the learner. Whereas, â€Å"The Stanford Prison Experiment† by Philip Zimbardo is an essay which explains why society has a need to â€Å"learn† to become compliant and authoritarian (Zimbardo 363). Zimbardo created a mock prison setting consisting of ten prisoners and eleven guards. They were instructed to take over the role of guards and prisoners. Zimbardo wanted to test the effect that prison has on guards and prisoners. Milgram and Zimbardo were both interested in how people obey under authoritative circumstances, using â€Å"fake† settings to test obedience; however the writers differ in the seriousness of the fight for individuality and the use of reality. Under any given circumstance people tend to obey authority differently. Milgram tested this theory out by putting his volunteers into a laboratory setting and having them pressing a button shocking the other person for a wrong answer. The majority of Milgram’s volunteers went through the experiment, not wanting to disobey the authority figure. Milgram stated, † The essence of obedience is that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person’s wishes, and he therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions (Milgram 354). † With Zimbardo’s volunteers they sought out to dispense order and receive orders. Since Zimbardo’s volunteers knew that they would be able to leave the prison and that it was not real, the experiment had no true effect. Real prisoners know that they are in for a long time and not just 14 days. However, in just six days and six nights their experiment was ended. The experiment got away from dealing with the intellectual exercise and started dealing with the psychological mishaps. â€Å"If normal, young, healthy, educated men could so radically transformed under†¦ a â€Å"prison environment†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ in so short of a time,†¦ then one can shudder to imagine what society is doing both to the actual guards and prisoners†¦ (Zimbardo 374). † Milgram’s experiment was in a fake setting because the subjects were not likely to act in that behavior since the setting was not a reality situation. Being in a laboratory trying to test out obedience is not normal. Humans tend to act differently out in the real world. â€Å"The studies of obedience cannot meaningfully be carried out in a laboratory setting, since obedience occurred in a context where it is appropriate. (Milgram 362) Take for instance the Adolf Hitler era. Testing done other than by natural observation is merely a reflection of what is expected to happen. Zimbardo’s prison setting was not ideal to a real prison nor real criminals. â€Å"†¦ t is impossible to separate what each individual brings into the prison from what the prison brings out in each person. Zimbardo 365) Volunteers knew that would be set free after a given date. The volunteers in Milgram’s experiment were fighting their subconscious minds. The person had complete power over the other individual, whom he could punish whenever he saw fit. The subject had to decide if what they where doing was right (causing pain to another). They were not fighting for their own individuality because they still had that. Zimbardo’s prisoners were fighting for their individuality. Subjects were taken from the streets and thrown into a prison where all their fights as citizens were taken away. How to cite The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram, Essay examples

Information System Free Sample Management of Information Systems

Questions: 1. What is systems thinking and how can management information systems enable and (possibly) improve business communications? 2. Define Globalization 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. What kind of business data did business managers collect and use for each? 3. Why are competitive advantages temporary? 4. What are Porters three generic strategies and how can a company add value by using Porters chain analysis? 5. Define and Porters Five Forces model and explain each of the forces. Then, create a Porters Five Force analysis for one of the following products: desktop computer, telephone, or walkman? 6. Imagine your new CEO wants to reorganize the AAA Management Company so it is more efficient and effective. Look at the model below and analyze the CEOs reorganization plan. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the structure he proposed, and then reorganize the structure so it provides optimal benefits to operations of the company? Answers: 1. System thinking is a holistic process that emphasizes on interrelation of constituent parts of the system and also performance and operation of the system within a specific time period. It is also a process for collecting feedback which helps to maintain stability. Management information system mainly emphasizes on the processing the relevant data into information. MIS includes the system thinking process which helps the organization to work cross-functionally. MIS has many benefits towards the business communication. It helps to maintain communication among the system users and the information system staffs making the process of communication more effective. It is also a time saving system which helps the employees to collect the data automatically. With such faster accessibility facility, the managers are able to make decisions more quickly (REDDY et al., 2009). 2. Globalization 1.0 was started during the discovery of world by Christopher Columbus and the world decreased to medium from being large. Then for around 100 years, the world was ruled by the white people who mainly controlled the business. Data examples can be attributes related to trade through shipping routes. Globalization 2.0 started around 1800 at the time of Revolution of the industry when the world started decreasing further in to smaller units. In this era, the international companies controlled the business process. The data examples can be trade attributes through corporations Globalization 3.0 started in early 2000, where the world became tiny from being smaller. During this era, people of different background dominated the business. Data examples can include the trade attributes through individual people (prenhall.com, n.d.). 3. Competitive advantage can be defined as a service or product features that are valued by the customers compared to the competitors offerings. However it is to be noted that the competitive advantages can never be permanent. This is because the business environment is dynamic and the needs of the customers are rapidly changing. So, even when a company thinks of meeting the needs of the customers offering competitive advantage like suppose offering low price products with high quality, all similar competitors starts offering similar advantages to the customers. This nullifies the competitive advantages of the previous company (A. D'Aveni, Battista Dagnino and G. Smith, 2010). Thus competitive advantage is temporary.4. Porters three generic strategies are cost-leadership, differentiation and focused strategy as shown below. The cost leadership is the process of gaining the competitive advantage by minimizing the cost, differentiation is the process of offering products with unique fu nctionality, feature,, support and durability and focus strategy includes both cost and differentiation. The objective of Porters value chain is to develop competitive advantage and create value for the potential customers by identifying the business process effectively. This tool helps to identify the activities of the organization and how they are interrelated to determine the profit and cost of the organization. The value chain process includes two categories one is primary activities like the manufacturing, selling, delivering, after sales services and the support activities include procurement, technology development, human resources and firm infrastructure (Mullins and Walker, 2013). 5. Porters five forces Model mainly examines the competitive forces within business environment for assessing the profit potentiality within the industry in which the organization operates in. The five forces are: Threat of Rivalry: It is force due to competitors in the market, the competition is low if competitors are complacent and fierce if the competitors are high. Bargaining Power of Buyer: It is the buyers ability to influence the prices that they want to pay for the products. Bargaining Power of Supplier: It is the ability of the suppliers to affect the prices that they charge for their supplies like services, labor or materials Threat of new entrants: It is the low if the new entrants find barriers to enter in the industry and high if there are no barriers. Threat of Substitutes is low when there are fewer alternatives to choose from and high if the services or products alternatives are many to choose from. Source: Made by Author6. The advantage of following the previous structure as shown below is that the structure is simplified. There is no substructure and everybody have a single reporting person. However, the disadvantage of using this structure is that it is not rightly placed according to roles and responsibilities. Considering CEO as the president of an organization, he is the highest ranked executive of the organization whose main aim to develop the organization by maintaining a functional structure. Thus the new structure should be: Source: Made By Author Reference D'Aveni, R., Battista Dagnino, G., G. Smith, K. (2010). The age of temporary advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 31(13), 13711385. Mullins, J., Walker, O. (2013). Marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. prenhall.com,. Fueling Globalization through Information Systems. Retrieved 9 January 2015, from https://www.prenhall.com/behindthebook/0132335069/pdf/Jessup_CH02.pdf Reddy, g., srinivasu, r., rikkula, s., rao, v. (2009). Management information system to help managers for providing decision making in an organization. International Journal Of Reviews In Computing, 5(1).