Annotated Bibliograpy. Environmental Change and Challenge Essay

Annotated Bibliograpy. Environmental Change and Challenge - Essay Example It is also important for the world to embrace the need for scientific concepts in the study and understanding of the global environment (Dearden and Mitchell 89). They further say that the environmental change in the West has played a significant role in the state of the region in the modern day. In Ammons poem he advocated for proper dumping of wastes. The need of proper dumping programs is the key to a pollution free environment. The increasing sizes of dumping sites are alarming to the environment. Each and every day the society faces cases of environmental degradation through inappropriate dumping and emissions of waste (Ammons, par 6). Cultural Trash: Waste In The West A.R. Ammons. Corsons Inlet; The City Limits; Garbage Dearden, Philip. & Bruce, Mitchell. Environmental Change and Challenge. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print Garbage has been one of the emerging problems in all countries including the United States. In referring to garbage, many environmentalists refer to dumping as an environmental hazard. Apart from dumping the society faces affects of industrial wastes. Generally, it can be referred as pollution through emission of waste. With the increasing population it is obvious to conclude with the assumption that the waste levels in the United States are significantly increasing. This begs the question; where does all this waste go to? Are they properly disposed? What does the government contribute to see appropriate disposal programs? As much as there is improvement in disposing regulations, they are not enough to ensure the people that the environment has become waste free. In years dumping sites have been the most contested issues for the activists, industries and the government locking horns on the location of dumping sites. Activists always believe that every location across the state is no t an option for a location of a dumping site. Activists advocate for a dumping site free environment. According to Dearden and Bruce, the government has the financial resources to recycle all the waste produced by the population (45). Apart from recycling, activists also advocate for the government intervention in the evaluating materials used in manufacturing products. With proper evaluation, there is the possibility that non biodegradable items will not find their way into the society. In an argument by Ammons, an appropriate measure to stop dumping is to tackle the problem right from the production face (par, 9). Environmental friendly packaging should be advocated for. Packaging materials form almost 90% of the total waste dumping. Population dumping is usually small scale if compared to industrial waste emission. Different from population dumping, industrial dumping constitutes of more hazardous chemicals and metal bits. If industrial dumping is properly dealt with, the polluti on status of the whole environment could be decreased by 70% (Dearden and Bruce, pp. 87). In the modern society, industrial evaluation and certification process covers the safety of emissions to the environment. In recent years, most industries have opted to join the go green campaign by using environmental friendly products and minimizing emissions. This trend is improving but in a slow motion. The government has fiercely joined in the fight for the controlling of industrial emissions. However, some mega companies and industries still have the green light to process goods with very great effect to the environmen

Genetic mapping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic mapping - Research Paper Example The dawn of modern genetics began with the unveiling of Mendel’s rules and Mendel’s paper in 1900. The term gene was first used in 1909; the first experiment on genetic mapping was published in 1910; and the first genetic map was materialized in 1913 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, p. 38). Thomas Hunt Morgan was the first person to elucidate the techniques of genetic mapping with his discovery of the X chromosome--the decisive sex gene, in 1910 (Kevles & Hood, 1992, pp. 43-44). In 1911, Morgan’s student, Alfred Sturtevant, mapped the location of the gene mutations that were studied by his esteemed professor (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). The initial blueprint of the human genome was broadcasted on February 2001 in the journal Nature; which showed the progression of the genome’s 3 billion base pairs. The completed gene arrangement was published in April 2003 (â€Å"Overview of the Human,† 2010). Future employment of the project in the field of mo lecular medicine includes: refined disease diagnosis; early identification of predisposition and disease process; objective drug design; gene therapy; and custom drugs (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). ... genes to develop alternative energy source, to create pollutant-detectors present in the environment, to prevent carbon emission that worsens global warming; for risk assessment; for information on the origin of species; for fast absolution of crime; and for agricultural purposes (â€Å"Potential Benefits,† 2009). On the down side, gene mapping can create an air of animosity, injustice, and abuse on the part of the gene-owner (Narcisse, 1998); it can induce a feeling of apprehension and disappointment; and it will implicate not only the tested individual, but the family as well. Apart from the aforementioned disadvantages, gene mapping is also contravened by many issues; among which are issues on information confidentiality, psychological effects, reproductive and clinical issues, conceptual and philosophical implications, health and environmental issues, commercialization of products, and other uncertainties, such as the causative agent for complex conditions (e.g. heart dise ase) (â€Å"Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues,† 2008). Information acquired through gene mapping, is presumptive and not prognostic (Rajeski, n.d., para. 3). It aids in the identification of gene mutation, insertion, and deletion that may or may not result in a disease. According to Claes et al. (2004), awareness of innate gene mutations can empower, as well as impose adverse emotional effects and feelings of distress. Knowledge of what could be can greatly alter the way an individual perceives the future and live one’s life. Some of the principles foreseen to be offended by the human genome project are autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity (Daniels, 2004, p. 168). Easy access to the human genome database can violate a person’s right to autonomy. Confidentiality