Nataional Competetiveness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nataional Competetiveness - Term Paper Example The four factors are, factor endowments, domestic demand condition, related and supporting industries and structure, strategy and rivalry among firms (Hills and Jones 248). Figure 1: Diamonds Theory (Source: Peng 135) According to Porter, the above four factors constitute the diamond which is referred to as a jointly reinforcing scheme and therefore the competitive advantage of the firm depends on the favorability of the diamond for the specific industry in which the firm belongs (Misra and Yadav 83). The paper talks about the automobile industry in America and is analyzed with the help of Porter's â€Å"National Competitiveness Model† or the Diamond Theory. American Automobile Industry Factor Conditions/Endowment As stated in Porters Diamond Model, factors refer to the types of resources which are necessary for the industry and they are physical resources, human resources, capital resources, knowledge resources and other infrastructure. The nation tends to gain advantage wher e the factors are accepted and well mixed. The factor condition is further divided into two, natural and advanced factors (Walker 178). The automobile industry includes those companies which are involved in marketing, production and also maintenance of automobiles. As per the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the automobile sector had employed about 700,000 workers in 2011. The labor dynamics affects the employment level in industries such as plastics and steel manufacturing. The American automobile industry has been experiencing upward pressure with respect to wages and a downward pressure on benefits and is competing with other strong economies for skilled labors. In the recent global financial turmoil which has also affected US, the automobile sector is unlikely to support comfortable living for the working class affecting the industry’s ability to attract skilled workers, thus having negative impact on the competitive advantage (Basu, â€Å"What Factors Affect the Labor Sup ply and Demand for the Automobile Industry?†). However in the 20th century, the American automotive industry had maintained prominence in the domestic economy. The American auto industry had sprouted from Henry Ford and currently in its blooming stage. But the issue with workers remained the same (Wall 8). Domestic Demand Condition The home demand condition plays an important role in national competition as it tends to gain competitive advantage only if the demand from the domestic customers forces the industry to carry out innovation, lead the global market and gain profit. The US is in the process of recovery and the automobile sector has been contributing to a large extent. In 2012, the annual sales for automobiles along with light truck amounted to 14.8% higher compared to previous years (Spross, â€Å"The Comeback of the U.S. Auto Industry†). America is a developed country with growing population which means that the industries are developed and has entered the mat ured stage. Retail sales in the US are boosted by demand from automobiles along with gasoline prices restricting the customers to spend on other goods. Some of the major automobile makers reported that the sales of cars increased 19.9%

IDE for Satellite ODL

IDE for Satellite ODL An Integrated Development Environment for Satellite Operations Definition Language Rachana M C Sajiv Kumar Abstract— The satellite system has to be maintained in proper operations conditions for optimal throughput and satisfying the mission requirements. This is achievable by monitoring the satellite health parameters, analyse the behavioural characteristics and control the parameters accordingly based on the behavioural patterns. The subsystem experts define the behavioural pattern in a domain specific language for this purpose. An integrated environment is required to aid the experts from various engineering and science disciplines to properly define the monitoring, analysis and control rules. This paper proposes a method to develop an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which facilitates the definition of monitoring, analysis, control and reporting logics using the Satellite Operations Definition Language, required for the satellite operations. Keywords— DSL (Domain Specific Language), MAC (Monitoring Analysis and Control), IDE (Integrated Development Environment). I. INTODUCTION The health of the satellite has to be maintained to utilize the spacecraft for its intended purposes effectively. This involves monitoring, analysis, control and reporting of health parameters. Health parameters are analogue and status values of different subsystem parameters telemetered from satellite to ground stations at regular intervals. The task of monitoring and analysis this parameters is quite complex with the increasing number of space-crafts to be maintained. The satellite control system is basically designed to monitor the various health parameters and initiate corrective actions whenever and wherever required. Satellite health monitoring analysis and control operations involves receiving health data, process it, analyse and perform appropriate controlling operations as required as well as to present them in appropriate format. Since these MAC (Monitoring Analysis and Control) operations rely on various domains specific tools and incongruence may lead to error. Space Operations Definition Language is a domain specific language developed in ISRO for defining the logics for satellite health monitoring, analysis and reporting. A common language brings about congruence in definition of monitoring and analysis logics for the multiple satellite systems. The data received from the spacecraft’s will have parameters to be given to various sub-systems and this data is called Telemetry data. The MAC operations is done using the Space Operations Definition Language that is implemented and developed in ISRO and to automate these MAC operations we use the language specified by the experts. We use the language defined by the experts because the experts define the various logics used for monitoring the satellites. For example, in thermal systems there exists various properties like states property or dynamic trend behaviour but the experts maybe interested in the slope variations that occur and these variations depends on if the temperature is increasing or decreasing with the slope. The state behaviour can be enabled means on or disabled means off and these properties can be dynamic or continuous. The nature of the system can be of many types like discrete, analogue and hybrid. The lexical analyser takes the tuning parameters and passes them to the parser where the syntax analysis and semantic analysis is done i.e. the language specification is done in syntax analysis. This approach helps in refining the addressing of the requirements of spacecraft subsystem operations, by properly converging the expert’s views in a single language platform. An Integrated Development Environment is required to facilitate the health of the system that can be represented in a customized IDE. II. THE PROBLEM DOMAIN The health of a series of satellites is monitored and controlled by the experts with help of software. They receive telemetry data from each spacecraft. The telemetry data is processed, analysed and presented .For every day-to-day operation, nominal operations of the satellites are pre-planned and a schedule is defined well in advance by specialists. It may occasionally happen that during the operation of the pre-planned schedule, the spacecraft may exhibit some unexpected behaviour. Subsystem and Mission experts has to define logics in a domain specific language to address these scenarios. An IDE for this domain specific satellite operations language, in which the logics for automating the satellite health monitoring and control can be defined, is attempted here. We use the concept of recursive descent parser (top-down approach) in order to create a context aware environment that allows usage of more general grammars and also has advantages like easy debugging, ability of parsing to any non-terminal in the grammar specified. We require to implement a LL(1) parser which gives the ability of syntactic and semantic look ahead that helps to resolve the shift-shift conflict. We need not have to worry about conflicts like shift-reduce and reduce-reduce as they are not issues for the top-down parsers. The parser should offer the ability of creating lexical states and lexical actions so as to enable the IDE context aware while defining domain specific monitoring logics for the satellite operations. III. AREAS ADDRESSED IN THIS WORK This work envisages developing a solid infrastructure which provides an integrated environment for defining the health monitoring and controlling logics for satellites. This integrated development environment (IDE) assembles multiple disparate tools into a single coherent system. The following sub-modules have to be developed in this process. A) Basic IDE Infrastructure: This involves development of the base IDE infrastructure with sufficient features for supporting the domain specific language, essentially a fully fledge editor to extract the language features to possible extent. The Net Beans Platform which is a solid infrastructure for creating custom software development tools is utilized for this purpose. However, more than as an individual software development tool, the infrastructure is enhanced as a tailored integrated development environment (IDE) for our domain specific language by assembling multiple disparate tools into a single coherent system. B) Lexical Analyser (Tokenizer module) for the DSL: The concept of Lexical analysis or tokenization is the process of breaking a character stream into individual units called â€Å"tokens.† Lexical analyser helps in converting a stream of input characters into a stream of tokens. Once the token is received the lexical analyser will look up for the tokens specified to check the existence of the respective token. If the token does not exist then it proceeds to fetch the next token. If not then that particular token along with the token value is written into the Lexer and passes it on to the parser. The concept of recursive descent parser is used to create a better context aware environment. We use the concept of recursive descent parser (top-down approach) in order to create a context aware environment that allows usage more of general grammars and also has advantages like easy debugging, ability of parsing to any non-terminal in the grammar specified. Constructing the tokenizer using JavaCC compiler constructor and integrate the resultant module with base IDE infrastructure. Fig. 1 IDE Infrastructure C) Syntax Analyser with associated Syntax highlighter. It helps in determining whether a string or a sequence of tokens can be generated by a grammar. The lexical analyser can identify tokens with the help of grammar rules but it cannot check the syntax of a given parameters. The components are Non-terminals and terminals where Non-terminals help in processing the grammar further and terminals helps in terminating the process. This particular analysis produces a parse tree as an output. The main task of the parser is to accept an input and check and confirm the input given with the specified grammar. The issue of matching the input with the grammar results in backtracking and making a new search each and every time which consumes lot of time. Therefore, most of the parsers do not use the concept of backtracking. Parsers that are generated by Java Compiler Compiler use the concepts of terminals and non-terminals so no backtracking is required. The task of finding the tokens further in the input stream is called as looking ahead into the input stream. We can assign values to the look ahead which helps to look ahead the number of tokens in the input given. Suppose the look ahead is 1that means it looks ahead 1 token in the input stream. Implementation of the syntax analyser from the DSL language specification and generate modules to integrate with base IDE infrastructure. D) Semantic analysis: The Syntax analyser receives input in form of tokens from lexical analyser where the lexical analysers are responsible for the checking of a token given by the syntax analyser but Syntax analyser cannot determine if a token is valid, it cannot determine if an operation performed on a token type is valid or not. The semantic analysis uses the help of token manager generated by the compiler. In JavaCC we need to specify certain lexical specification that needs to be organized into a set of states. Each state is given a name to be identified and the standard state is called default. Whenever the token manager is initialized, it always starts from the Default state. Every state contains a list of different regular expressions. The four kinds of them are SKIP, TOKEN, MORE and SPECIAL_TOKEN. The accepted token is matched as follows- all the specified regular expressions in the present lexical state is considered and the token manager accepts the total number of specified characters from the input and match them with the specified regular expressions. After the regular expressions is been matched to the one that is specified, the particular lexical action is executed .Suppose the kind of regular expression specified is TOKEN then the matched token is returned, but if the regular expression is of SPECIAL_TOKEN then it first should be saved and then returned along with the next token that is to be matched. This helps in constructing an integrating to the base IDE the context sensitive semantics analyser encapsulating the domain knowledge. E) Dynamic Analysis Facility. Controlled environment for executing the logics defined in the domain specific language is required for facilitation the experts to understand better the flow of execution and verify that the logic defined perform the intended flow sequence. In order to facilitate this feature the step and continuous execution features with facility to monitor internal states of the program is provided exploiting the Netbeans API modules. F) Hint modules: Netbeans API allows us to create a module that provides various hints. So whenever we need to use these kind of modules we need to provide the required expression that helps in matching the existing one. When the initial expression is given automatically the whole expression is provided by the hint module. G) Code completion: Netbeans allows us to implement the Editor Code Completion API. This tutorial shows you how to implement the Editor Code Completion API. When we invoke this feature, a code completion box appears, displaying words that can complete the text typed in the editor. IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS The implementation is done using Netbeans API 7.2.1 and a JavaCC compiler to create an IDE infrastructure on Linux platform using Linux RedHat 6.1. To implement this we have used associated Netbeans Libraries such as Lexer, Parsing API, and Editor API. JavaCC which is a ‘Lexer and parser generator’ reads a set of grammar rules and helps to convert it into a java program that matches to the specified grammar. The Java codes generated by JavaCC are augmented with the domain specific language specifications to develop modules which perform the following major tasks: 1. Lexical analysis 2. Syntactic analysis, Semantic analysis 3. Code generation or execution Lexical and Syntactic analysis involve in understanding the source code and ensuring its syntactical correctness. This is called parsing, which is the parsers responsibility. Lexical analysis on receiving the code and divides it into proper tokens. A token is a significant piece of a programs source code. Token examples include keywords, punctuation, literals such as numbers, and strings. Nontokens include white space, which is often ignored or skipped but used to separate tokens, and comments. Fig2. Designing IDE During syntactic analysis, the parser takes the token from the program by ensuring the programs syntactical correctness and by building an internal representation of the program. During syntactic analysis, a compiler examines the program source code with respect to the rules defined in the languages grammar. If any grammar rule is violated, the compiler displays error messages. Context aware token recognition is achieved by passing the tokens scanned by the editor to a mapping module and trace appropriate action on the fly, such as highlighting the various keywords in appropriate colour, providing necessary hints appropriate based on the current context etc. The Syntax analyser and Semantic analyser on receiving the tokens from the token manager aggregate and checks it with the grammar specified which also helps in highlighting the language constructs. The code completion API gives context based suggestions when an expression is being coded. We also have the feature of hint modules when a logic is been given provided with the Netbeans. Fig3. IDE with domain specific language and its environment. V. CONCLUSION In this paper we mainly focused on developing an integrated environment that helps in monitoring the spacecraft’s along with the specified control logics. We also have implemented the concept of modules required for and integrated development environment along with the base infrastructure suited for the domain specific language.This works presents a properly tailored integrated development environment to facilitate experts from inter-disciplinary fields to defined monitoring and control logics of concerned subsystems and to merge them in unison to provide overall the satellite health monitoring and control logics. The future enhancements that can be implemented are the Visual source representation that provides possible visual representation of logics being specified which helps in knowing the various changes happening in the spacecraft’s. Static and Dynamics Analysis Features helps to associate modules to carry out static and dynamic analysis based on the domain as well as the language specification. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks is such a little word but not bigger than a moment, but there is a world of great meaning in it. It is my immense pleasure that I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all of them who helped me during this project work. I specially thank the organization (ISRO) for giving me this opportunity. REFERENCES Next-Generation Monitoring, Analysis, and Control for the Future Smart Control Center Pei Zhang, Senior Member, IEEE, Fangxing Li, Senior Member, IEEE, and Navin Bhatt, Fellow, IEEE Simulink Tools for Design and Verification. Netbean Platform Tutorial for IDE( Oracle). JavaWorld (http://www.javaworld.com/article/2076269/learn-java/build-your-own) Netbeans File Type (https://platform.netbeans.org/tutorials/nbm-filetype.html) Netbeans JavaCC Lexer(https://platform.netbeans.org/tutorials/nbm-javacc-lexer.html) Netbeans JavaCCParser(https://platform.netbeans.org/tutorials/nbm-javacc-parser.html)

How To Write An A Essay :: essays research papers

An â€Å"A† Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With these simple steps, anybody can write an â€Å"A† quality essay. All it takes is a well written introduction, body and conclusion. These steps are a lot easier than most people make them out to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first, and most important, step to writing an â€Å"A† essay is the introduction. The purpose of the introduction is to get the reader’s attention. The introduction should also let the reader know the contents of your essay. To get the reader’s attention use a lead-in. a lead-in is a sentence or phrase that captures the interest of the reader. One way to do this is to appeal to the emotions or feelings of the reader. A lead-in can be in the form of a question, a shocking statement, a headline, or a statistic; as long as it gets the attention of the reader. A thesis statement should also be included in the introduction. The thesis should inform the reader as to the contents of the essay and how the essay is organized. The reader should be able to read the thesis statement and find a specific topic in the essay without having to read the entire essay. This can be done by organizing the body paragraphs in the same order as the items in the th esis statement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Step two, in writing an â€Å"A† essay, is writing effective body paragraphs. In order for them to be effective, they must support the thesis sentence. The worst thing to do is to go off on subjects that have nothing to do with the essay. To avoid getting off the subject, try not to use stories as examples or to prove a point. Every body paragraph should have a topic sentence. The other sentences in the paragraph should support the topic sentence. The paragraph, as a whole, should support the thesis sentence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third and final step to writing an â€Å"A† essay is the conclusion. The conclusion should summarize the entire paper in a few sentences.

Comparison of Crime and Punishment and Julius Caesar Essay

William Shakespeare’s famous play Julius Caesar written in 1608 is here compared with Crime and Punishment written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky in 1866. Whereby the two authors lived in completely different times, both texts had similarly established their storylines around protagonists who committed crimes based on theories they believed in. For example, Brutus from Julius Caesar commits murder because of his patriotism; while Raskolnikov commits murder with his belief in the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½bermensch theory. This similarity has then brought further realization of similar depiction of protagonists between the authors. Such similarities are prevalent by the manner the protagonists conceal their emotions from interfering with their paths to greatness. This ultimately leads to each protagonist’s act of digging their own hole, whereby they alienate themselves from those they love. Hence this allowed for the ambiguous response from the audience, as we are shaped into the capability of hating and loving the protagonist from both texts. Thus, though these internationally-acclaimed texts were written by authors of different eras, a similarity exists in the fashion they have portrayed their protagonists. Primarily, both protagonists suppress their love for others in their search for greatness. The protagonist of Julius Caesar, Brutus, describes his suppression to his friends, â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less†¦as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love.† (Shakespeare, 3.2.26-27) The first sentence of this quote affirms the protagonist’s inevitable love for his friend Caesar, whom Brutus paradoxically ends up murdering after emotional debates. Shakespeare has interestingly employed paradox in this quote to further corroborate Brutus’s dominant characteristic of nobleness, when Brutus declares his true patriotic motives in murdering Caesar. â€Å"Tears† in the last sentence conveyed a sorrowful and regretful tone. This suggests Brutus’s inner conflict, which is his attempt to suppress his affection toward his friend in order to kill Caesar. The protagonist of Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov, also strives to suppress his compa ssion. Raskolnikov questions himself after helping a drunken girl, â€Å"Is it for me to do that? And how could I ever have gone and given away those twenty copecks?† (Dostoyevksy, 62) This quote demonstrates a sudden shift of mood, as Raskolnikov just shows his angelic side by helping others and now his demonic side takes over. These actions reflect the motif of dual personalities. The above three elements illustrate Raskolnikov’s inner turmoil in suppressing his angelic side. Thus it is ironic that he exclaims he shouldn’t have given away money, yet later gives money to Sonya’s family. Raskolnikov’s failure in suppression foreshadows his failure as a superhuman. Although both protagonists share the characteristic of suppressing their love for others, they suffer different consequences. In Julius Caesar, Brutus’s suppression of love for Caesar isn’t clearly interpreted by Antony, who tells all, â€Å"how dearly Caesar lov’d him (Brutus)! This was the most unkindest cut of all†¦Then†¦all of us fell down.† (Shakespeare, 3.2.180, 181, 189) Antony’s such realization reveals his shrewdness and true, open love to Caesar, in contrast to his foil, Brutus’s, suppressed love. Ironically, Antony’s manifestation of his love for Caesar foreshadows Brutus’s tragic downfall. Through this, Shakespeare is able to criticize the suppression of emotions. In Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Raskolnikov has a better fate than Brutus. He confesses his crime to Sonya, who â€Å"he had sought a human being, when he needed one.† (Dostoyevsky, 621) This quote reveals the theme of common suffe ring and understanding. Raskolnikov’s suppression of compassion has resulted in his physical and psychological suffering. As Sonya is also subject to poverty, Raskolnikov knows she may understand his torment and help him find salvation. In both texts, the authors depicted how protagonists are forced to suppress emotions for others despite the differences in the consequences of their actions. There’s no permission or prohibition involved (for the extraordinary people).† he (the ordinary person) will suffer when he realizes the error of his ways†¦ Secondly, the protagonists both choose to abandon their families and isolate themselves. In Julius Caesar, Portia questions Brutus’s behaviour, â€Å"And when I ask’d you what the matter was, / You star’d upon me with ungentle looks. / Yet I insisted, yet you answer’d me not.† (Shakespeare, 2.1. 241, 245) Through this quote, readers are introduced to the protagonist’s alienation of wife Portia due to his patriotism. Brutus’s insistent isolation denies the motif of emotional weakness, which is possessed by his foil Caesar when Calpurnia persuades him to stay home. The sharp contrast between these characters illustrates Brutus’s honourable and heroic characteristics. The theme of lack of communication proves to be a tragic fallacy for both Brutus and Portia. If they’d openly shared the problem, the tragic downfall of both characters might’ve been avoided. The protagonist of Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov, tells So nya (Dostoyevsky, 291) that â€Å"[He] deserted [his] family today, so [He] shan’t see them anymore.† This quote highlights the theme of isolation, caused by his belief in the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½bermensch theory. Raskolnikov chooses to desert his family because of his superhuman pursuit. However, his speech often reflects irony. His deep trustful relationship with Sonya foreshadows his incapability of achieving the superhuman state. Furthermore, Raskolnikov shows strong concern when Svidrigailov, Raskolnikov’s foil and a round antagonist, attempts to harm Dunya, his sister, in Part V of the novel. Contradictory to his words, Raskolnikov reveals the motif of psychological uncertainty, which is closely related to his punishment. In both novels, the protagonists have attempted to isolate themselves from their families to achieve greatness. However, they regard their family and friends differently. Brutus is accompanied by friends throughout the play. The flat character, Lucilius, aids with Brutus’s escape by impersonating him (Shakespeare, 5.4.7-8). This loyalty affirms Brutus’s well association with his friends and reveals Brutus’s nobleness in the eyes of his countrymen. On the other hand, Raskolnikov takes the isolation to a higher level by deserting his friends. He tells Razumikhin, â€Å"I don’t need†¦anyone†¦I’ll manage by myself†¦on my own†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dostoyevsky, 136) The use of ellipsis again depicts the motif of psychological uncertainty. Raskolnikov wants to isolate himself, but his stumbling speech portrays his doubts in his ability to alienate himself. Thus, it’s quite ironic that he eventually seeks help from Sonya, for redemption, and Razumikhin, for taking care of his family. Shakespeare and Dostoyevsky illustrate the theme of isolation as one of the major themes in their text which contribute to the protagonists’ tragic downfalls. Lastly, we find that Shakespeare and Dostoevsky use both good and evil qualities to characterize their protagonists. Through this, they are able to successfully provoke the readers’ empathy despite the characters’ misjudgements. In the final scene of Julius Caesar, Mark Antony makes a concluding remark about Brutus after he has died, â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all:/[Brutus] only, in a general honest thought/And common good to all, made one of them./’This was a man!† (Shakespeare, 5.5.68-75) Here, Antony demonstrates his admiration and respect for Brutus even though he was part of the conspiracy. The irony is revealed when Antony compliments the murderer of Caesar as â€Å"noble† even though he had previously aroused the crowds against Brutus in Act III. Antony’s shrewdness also reflects the motif of nobleness, demonstrated by Brutus’s patriotic reason in committing the murder. Using iambic pentameter, Antony praises Brutus’s nobility sincerely. His speech reminds the readers of Brutus’ unselfish sacrifice for his country, simultaneously provoking empathy, enabling readers to associate Brutus more as a hero than that of a sinful criminal. Whereas in Crime and Punishment, in Raskolnikov’s confession to Sonya, he says, â€Å"I’d started to search my conscience and ask myself whether I had any right to assume power over someone else like that meant that I didn’t have any such right†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Dostoyevsky, 500) This quote from the climax of the novel reflects a milestone in the plot development. By admitting this mistake, that he had no right to commit the murder, is the protagonist’s first step towards redemption, a major theme of the novel. Also, the novel is written in a thir d person limited omniscient point of view, thus readers are able to feel Raskolnikov’s sorrow and intense emotions in his confession. Readers can’t help but sympathize with Raskolnikov and his psychological torment caused by belief in the Ubermensch theory – his tragic fallacy. Although the protagonists in the texts, Brutus and Raskolnikov, are murderers, the reasons behind their crimes are different. Brutus contemplates whether or not to kill Caesar and finally decides, â€Å"It must be by his death. And for my part/I know no personal cause to spurn at him/But for the general†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shakespeare, 2.1.10-13) This quote again illustrates the motif of nobleness. In this quote, Brutus reveals his patriotic and unselfish reason for murdering Caesar in order to benefit the greater good. Shakespeare skilfully employs iambic pentameters here to reveal Brutus’s nobility and determination in committing such crime. This quote also helps with plot development as it foreshadows Caesar’s death. Raskolnikov on the other hand, also commits murder but he has his own intentions. Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya, â€Å"I didn’t kill in order to help my mother! I didn’t kill in order get money or power and thus be able to become a benefactor of mankind. I simply killed†¦ for no one but myself†¦ what I needed to know†¦was whether I was a louse or a man.† (Dostoyevsky, 500) This quote signifies Raskolnikov’s motive in committing murder was not based on utilitarianism but personal needs. The anaphora used for rejecting his previous justification of the crime reflects his self-realization. Pride is a motif in the novel. By admitting his misjudgement, Raskolnikov demonstrates his wounded pride. This highlights his psychological growth from the crime. By combining positive and negative characteristics, Shakespeare and Dostoevsky have successfully portrayed the protagonists like real people, possessing flaws and merits. Thus, in the end, both authors have created protagonists who attempt to achieve greatness – yet face difficulty in terms of overcoming relationships with important characters in their lives. Such difficulty halt their paths to greatness as it forces Brutus to find motivation to kill Caesar; and as it brings Raskolnikov to realize his inability to follow the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½bermensch theory for he’s unable to overcome human compassion. However, both also fight their battles before realizing they were not meant for greatness; Brutus and Raskolnikov alienate their loved ones, but discover they cannot endure their absence. This portrayal of the protagonists illustrates how though their deeds are evil, they are still human and suffer as humans do thus earning our empathy where it was first nonexistent. In conclusion, therefore, with such similarities present in each protagonist throughout both stories of radically different timeframes, the authors William Shakespeare and Fyodor Dostoyevsky had evidently shared an ability to establish similar yet effectual protagonists; in this case, Shakespeare and Dostoyevsky with their distinctive great minds thought alike indeed. Bibliography Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. David McDuff. London: Penguin Books, 2003 Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Roma Gill. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s

The Scarlet Letter, various characters demonstrate sacrifice for what they value. The act of sacrifice is seen commonly in the book, especially with Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, along with their interactions with each other. The story begins with Hester Prynne with her daughter Pearl and a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her breast. Roger Chillingworth, a doctor and Hester's husband, comes to town and learns of Hester having an affair while he was away in England. As she is publicly shamed for not revealing the identity of her lover, Chillingworth is now intent on revenge against that man. Years later, Hester is still shunned as she finds a job in needle-working and Pearl grows to be a mischievous child. After finding out that city officials plan to take Pearl away, Hester calls upon Arthur Dimmesdale, a frail, young minister to convince them otherwise. Chillingworth takes interest, and moves in with him as Dimmesdale's personal physician, and begins to pry open his character. As the minister's condition becomes increasingly worse, Hester meets with him and decides to run away to Europe where they can start over and live as a family with Pearl. On the day of the departure, Dimmesdale delivers a final speech and confesses to his affair with Hester, then dies. Chillingworth dies a year later, Hester returns years later, and Pearl is married to an aristocrat with a family. The act of sacrifice is evident in Hester Prynne with her endurance of public shamings and being a societal outcast to defend the integrity of Arthur Dimmesdale. Prynne felt that â€Å"the sacrifice of the clergyman's good name, and death itself† (Hawthorne 174) would have been better than lying about the identity of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. Regardless, Hester chose to save the minister's reputation and in turn, was humiliated and isolated from society. However, this choice would eventually cause anguish and suffering for Dimmesdale and later, his death. The narrator also states everyone â€Å"had frowned on her,—for seven long years had it frowned upon this lonely woman,—and still she bore it all† (175-176). Hester's sacrifice is made clear as she bears the scarlet letter and becomes an outcast for seven long years. She is constantly shamed as seen by her public humiliation, and neither her or Pearl can live a normal life as a result. After years of living like this, Hester realizes what she perceives as her mistake, and goes to meet with Chillingworth and Dimmesdale to settle their complex situation. Throughout the text, Roger Chillingworth has also sacrificed much, namely his old life as a scholar in order to enact revenge. Hester notices that Chillingworth's â€Å"aspect of an intellectual and studious man† had disappeared and was replaced with a â€Å"blackness†¦ a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man's soul were on fire† (153). The doctor's old, scholarly personality has vanished as a result of his intent of revenge shortly after arriving in town. Thirsty for revenge, he preyed on Dimmesdale and torment him by exploring his secrets, and investigating his character. Chillingworth's hatred would turn him to be a cold and cruel man, being seen as â€Å"transforming himself into a Devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a Devil's office† (153). Chillingworth stuck to the minister almost to the point of addiction, unraveling and torturing him to such an extent, his work is compared to that of the Devil. Roger had sacrificed his old personality and life, to the point of taking on a new identity, that the only value he saw in life was taking revenge on Dimmesdale. By pursuing his dream of vengeance , Chillingworth drives both himself and Dimmesdale to the edge of madness, eventually distorting his own soul and leading to the minister's act of flagellation before causing both their deaths. Arthur Dimmesdale also displays sacrifice, most notably near the end of the text, by confessing and relinquishing his priestly position to stand with his family for the first and last time. As the minister stands on the scaffold, he calls out to Hester and Pearl, stating that he will do what he â€Å"withheld [himself] from doing seven years ago† (226) and for Hester to â€Å"support [him] up yonder scaffold† (226). In his final hour, Arthur decides to sacrifice his saintly appearance to the town in order to repent to everyone of his sin. The minister realizes his position with his family after his encounter with Hester in the forest, and gives up his life as a preacher. Chillingworth tries to plead with his victim and begs â€Å"Do not blacken your fame, and perish in dishonor!† (225) and desperately asks â€Å"Would you bring infamy on your sacred profession?† (225). Chillingworth attempts to stop the minister from confessing are futile as Dimmesdale knows exactly what he's giving up to be with his family. The townspeople cannot agree of what they saw that day, but Dimmesdale and his sacrifice allows the townspeople to realize that anyone can be sinful, later sharing a grave with Hester with a scarlet letter on the headstone.